The nature of knowledge and its components

What is knowledge exactly? Anyone can go to the dictionary and look up the meaning of it, but what is the essence of knowledge? IS it the capacity of how we understand things? The profound outlook we have on different topic? or is knowledge , like so many philosophers said, the ability to reason? When I first learned about knowledge in my existentialism course, my teacher explained to me that there are four components to knowledge. The first component of knowledge is called the I-inner. This is self-knowledge and is about knowing ones self. The next component is the You-inner. You-inner is your ability to empathize, ones ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person. This component is easy surpass because we are more aware of our I-inner.
The third component is the I-outer which is how people see you; the way you appear to other people. This is another area that is blind sighted because we think the way we see our self is the way others see us and are usually blind to the things we do that people notice, that we do not notice about ourselves. The last component is the You-outer which is the way we see the world; how we believe the world affects us even though we may not fully understand it and it is constantly changing.